![]() The PDO is an active topic of research and satellite data, such as that from Jason-3, helps scientists observe and understand the phenomenon. ![]() The last PDO phase shift was in 2014, when it turned strongly positive (‘warm’). The phase was then neutral until 2007, when we entered into a ‘cold’ phase that lasted through 2013. In 1999, we entered into a ‘cold’ phase for about 4 years (1999-2002) followed by a ‘warm’ phase that continued for 3 years. However, more recently, the ‘warm’ and ‘cold’ phases have been much shorter. ![]() A ‘cool’ phase occurred from 1947 to 1976 (29 years), and a ‘warm’ phase from 1977 to 1999 (22 years). In the 'warm' or 'positive' phase, the west Pacific Ocean becomes cool and the wedge in the east warms. The 'cool' phase is characterized by a cool wedge of lower than normal sea-surface heights/ocean temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific and a warm horseshoe pattern of higher than normal sea-surface heights connecting the north, west and southern Pacific. ![]() Image shows a horseshoe of higher than average (warm) water in western Pacific Ocean (red and white), and lower than average (cool) water in the eastern Pacific Ocean (blue and purple).
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